Word Mind-reading After presenting one or more phonemes Blending: Ability to combine sounds to make a spoken word.
+1. Phonological memory score accounts for the actual skill in transforming an incoming string of sounds into a coherent group representing a word (even if it is a nonword, it is still constructed according to the rules of phonotactics in English language).
The level of general productivity in the phonological memory test, in addition to passive screen time (watching television), also found significant correlations with the mother's education level (r = 0.27, p < 0.002) and the family income (r = 0.22, p < 0.02), however gender or age associations were not found.Thus, a higher level of education of the mother and a higher level of family income . Say "starfish." Now say "starfish" without "star." "fish" Cognitive Complexity Still Too Much for Some Young Children bently bown the beam. Recent studies highlight the important contribution of phonological working memory (PM) in the early stages of both native and foreign language development. The CTOPP-2 (Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing) includes 10 such sub-tests. The CTOPP-2 contains several composites: phonological awareness, phonological memory, rapid symbolic naming, rapid non-symbolic naming, and alternate phonological awareness. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. Children took part in a computer-based fast-mapping task which manipulated word length and phonotactic probability to address the hypotheses. Determine strengths and weaknesses in phonological processing . Phonological working memory is measured using the terms "digit span," "digit span-running," and "nonword repetition." Children are required to repeat lists with varying lengths ranging from 2 to 8 digits as part of the 'digit span' task. She has taught undergraduate and graduate psychology, health science, and health education. Fluency: Retrieval of phonological information from long-term memory. Phonemes are the basic sound units, such as the "r" in "rug" or the "m" in "mug," that give language meaning. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop . Va r i a b l e. Non-word span (N = 121) National average. The assessment features all new normative data and a new phonological awareness subtest: Phoneme Isolation. Phonological awareness tests are particularly strongly diagnostic of dyslexic difficulties but it is not uncommon to assess children who are able to blend and segment phonemes within words, but who exhibit short-term verbal memory limitations or naming speed problems or both. A 13year - 7 month old student with Full scale IQ of 127 (Verbal IQ =132; Performance IQ=108) has CTOPP(Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing) composite standard scores for Phonological Memory Standard Scores (91), Rapid Naming (82), Alternate 771 SpeechPathology.com Ask the Experts Benefits. A total of 152 children of both sexes participated, they are . Toddlers with phonological memory problems have trouble remembering the building blocks to make words. If you correctly recall all of the numbers, then the next sequence will be one number longer. In the present study, we compared the predictive power of both types of memory tasks on 2 measures of phonological awareness, the sound categorization task and a phoneme deletion task, in 7- and 8 .
According to Buchsbaum (2016), "the phonological loop model of verbal working memory has stood the test of time, largely because it explains many of the behavioral phenomena [e.g. The CTOPP-2 subtests were combined in such a way as to form composites to represent these three constructs; the sum of scaled scores obtain a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. The CTOPP was developed to aid in the identification of individuals from nursery through to college who may profit from instructional activities to enhance their phonological skills. Children completed the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, 2nd Edition (CTOPP-2: Wagner, Torgesen, Rashotte, & Pearson, 2013) which incorporates a number of subtests designed to assess different aspects of phonological ability. Determine strengths and weaknesses in phonological processing . Reference Wagner, R. K., & Torgesen, J. K. (1987). . non-word span (12-16 years) One of the most widely used tests of phonological short-term memory capacity is the non-word repetition test, where participants have to repeat non-words of . This ability to recall the speech sounds in one's language is also integral to phonological awareness. The Rapid Non-Symbolic Naming Composite Score measures the examinee's ability to include efficient retrieval of phonological information from long-term or permanent memory and execute a sequence of operations quickly and repeatedly using objects and colors. Phonological Memory. The researchers used the working memory scale, the phonological awareness scale and the dyslexia examination scale. Most disturbing seem to be the scores for the Rapid Automatized Naming and Rapid Alternate . This includes: recognising sounds, adding sounds, taking apart sounds and moving sounds around. The Alternate Phonological Awareness Composite Score, for examinees ages 7-24 years . The ability to hold on to speech-based information in short-term memory is called phonological memory. The descriptive statistics of the phonological short-term memory test and working memory test. Working memory as a construct will be abstract and difficult to comprehend at first, so playing some working memory games can make it seem a little more concrete. Wow, this is a fantastic article. Findings of the study revealed that there is a negative correlation between Rapid Object Naming Test and both Forward Spatial Span Test and Backward Digit Recall Test. Phonological processing. PA was assessed with three of the CTOPP-2 subtests; Elision, Blending, and Isolation. If you correctly recall all of the numbers, then the next sequence will be one number longer. High-anxiety subjects produced overt articulation more . Phonological Memory was evaluated in both groups using the Phonological Short-Term Memory (PSTM) test developed by Soriano and Miranda , based on the Hebrew phonological memory task (Geva et al., 2000). Identify individuals whose phonological abilities are significantly below their peers. The backward digit span test was only used in the second year, after the results with the phonological short-term memory test in the first year showed a weak relationship between L2 achievement and non-word repetition scores. The task had a recognition and a production component. Karen Downs November 21, 2014 at 2:22 pm. When you hear a beep, click on the numbers you just saw, in order. The PAT comprises four phonological awareness subtests (Rhyme Detection; Rhyme Production; Word CompletionSyllables and Phonemes; Beginning and End Phoneme Deletion), a Speech Rate test (timed repeating of the word "buttercup"), and a test of Letter . At each time of testing, measures of nonword repetition, memory span, and vocabulary knowledge were obtained. gently down the stream. The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, Second Edition (CTOPP-2) (Wagner et al., 2013) assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming as a measure of reading ability. Phonological short-term memory capacity is generally measured with a word span task or a digit span task. A relatively simple model of the phonological loop (A. D. Baddeley, 1986), a component of working memory, has proved capable of accommodating a great deal of experimental evidence from normal adult participants, children, and neuropsychological patients. It's the ability to hear and distinguish sounds. It is also called . (Co-authored with Steven Smith) Introduction Here are a few zero-preparation activities language teachers can use to enhance their students' phonological awareness, decoding skills and alertness to sounds and aural input. Texts were presented sentence by sentence (Experiment 1) or word by word (Experiment 2) at a fixed rate to subjects high or low in test anxiety, under various conditions: no interference, concurrent articulatory suppression, and concurrent irrelevant speech (presented auditorily). Abstract. . Two levels of the test are available for ages 4-6 and ages 7-24. memory effects] associated with verbal memory performance in a simple and intuitive way." Explanations Digit Span tests your ability to remember a sequence of numbers that appear on the screen, one at a time. Both phonological awareness and executive functions develop gradually and progress with the advance of schooling. The test consists of 10 core and two supplemental subtests. Assessing Phonological Memoryfor Early Identification Preschool age children can't do phonological awarenesstasks that require access to phonemes (e.g., say "bat" without /b/), but can do a version with larger units. Reading ability was also assessed at 5 years .
Williams syndrome (WS), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder of genetic origin, is characterised by a relative advantage of language over more serious deficits in other cognitive domains.
Baddeley and colleagues (e.g., Gathercole and Baddeley 1989, 1990 ) have construed that nonword repetition involves the activation of pure phonological processes such as encoding, storage, and retrieval, independently from lexical . The test involved the oral repetition of a list of 20 pseudowords of different length (words in Latin that did not coincide with Spanish or . you will identify evidence of difficulty with phonological processing (ie. The assessment features all new normative data and a new phonological awareness subtest: Phoneme Isolation. In Cognitive Psychology, long term memory is classified as information stored and retrieved for longer than a few minutes. There are numerous phonological sub-tests that can be administered. Before diving in to the study of Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model, it's important that you first comprehend what "working memory" is. Bow, bow, bow your boat. It is responsible for processing verbal information. People with deficits in one or more of these areas may have more difficulty reading than those who do not. Two levels of the test are available for ages 4-6 and ages 7-24. I have seen this many times - the phonological awareness skills are reported as "average", and the underlying deficit is then missed or unidentified. Phonological processes can be conceptualized as phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming. It achieves this by assessing 3 concepts highly related to phonological abilities - phonological awareness, phonological memory and rapid (symbolic) naming, with both versions of the test covering these domains. Once we decide to draw attention to sensory input, it goes into our Central Executive Memory. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between the two skill groups, taking age and schooling as covariant. It is the brain's way of making sense of the SOUNDS that we hear. There are two types of long term memory: implicit and explicit. The Central Executive Memory system delegates tasks. If you make a mistake, then the next sequence will be one number shorter. Robin has a PhD in health psychology. zab, philistationing) Measures phonological short-term memory for speech sounds Related to both speech/language impairments and dyslexia WJ IV COG (Extended) Test 12: NonwordRepetition However, research on the effects of PM training on language development is very limited. Persistently poor phonological memory skills do not appear to significantly constrain the acquisition of language, mathematics or number skills over the early school years. The CTOPP-2 is a comprehensive instrument designed to assess phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming. Phonological awareness helps children become prepared to learn how letters and sounds go together in words. This is the "manager" of the operations that working memory completes. The PhAB2 makes use of 10 subtests to explore a child's level of phonological awareness, testing the following areas: Alliteration: Ability to isolate the initial sounds in single syllable words. A formal assessment of language with a standardized test may also be accompanied by an informal assessment such as a language sample and questions to parents and teachers about an individual's pragmatic language skills. WM is necessary for such complex tasks as comprehension, learning, and reasoning [1, 2], and comprises the following three components: the phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad, and central executive system . Norm-referenced. I caution against using test scores alone to report on phonological processing skills without also examining phonological awareness application in literacy tasks. Recent studies highlight the important contribution of phonological working memory (PM) in the early stages of both native and foreign language development. This study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a PM training educational intervention as a means of fostering vocabulary development in beginner . Due to the fact that all the students in the second year of the study when this test was administered were beginners . This skill is assessed by asking students to remember strings of numbers or to repeat nonsense words of increasing length and complexity. Also, there is a The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing Second Edition (CTOPP-2) is an assessment that focuses on measuring the phonological processing abilities of students grades PreK-12. As a result, children are engaged in this task in the context of playing a copycat game with a robot. Phonological processing refers to the use of phonological information, especially the sound structure of one's oral language, in processing written language (i.e., reading, writing) and oral language (i.e., listening, speaking). from (9.05 0.49) years old. Rapid Automatic Naming/Phonological Memory. The Phonological Working Memory test (5-11 years) is designed as an explicit test of a child's short-term phonological memory. Phonological retrieval is the ability to recall the phonemes associated with specific graphemes, which can be assessed by rapid naming tasks (e.g., rapid naming of letters and numbers). The CTOPP was developed to facilitate the identification of individuals who might have more difficulties learning to read. If you make a mistake, then the next sequence will be one number shorter. Gathercole and Adams (1993) claimed that this procedure can be used with children as young as two-years old. CTOPP-2 is a measure of phonological awarenes, phonological memory, and naming. This article presents findings from the Children's Test of Nonword Repetition (CNRep). Comprehensive Test of Phonological ProcessingSecond Edition (CTOPP-2) Audio Files Memory for Digits 1. Although they are especially suited for younger learners, they can be used with older students too. The phonological loop is a cognitive mechanism proposed by cognitive psychologists Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974. Conclusions. Not to worry, it's . Considerations for assessing children's phonological awareness are discussed, and descriptions of available measures are provided. The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, Second Edition (CTOPP-2) (Wagner et al., 2013) assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming as a measure of reading ability. A measure of children's phonological memory and access, speech rate completes the battery. It seems that in normally developing children the quality of nonword repetition is influenced both by the length of . The test consists of 10 core and two supplemental subtests. The extent to which children's performance on tests of nonword repetition is constrained by phonological working memory and long-term lexical knowledge was investigated in a longitudinal study of 70 children tested at 4 and 5 years of age. Row, row, row your boat. In this study the relationship of phonological short-term memory to WS language, in particular vocabulary, was explored. The a Phonological Awareness Test in Arabic (AbdElgawaad, 2005) that phoneme isolation task (p < .001) was found to be the best predictor of Mean(SD) has been validated and tested for reliability, risk status for dyslexia with scores for phonological awareness tasks and Measure Range All At-Risk Not At-Risk and the Working Memory Test .
+1. Phonological memory score accounts for the actual skill in transforming an incoming string of sounds into a coherent group representing a word (even if it is a nonword, it is still constructed according to the rules of phonotactics in English language).
The level of general productivity in the phonological memory test, in addition to passive screen time (watching television), also found significant correlations with the mother's education level (r = 0.27, p < 0.002) and the family income (r = 0.22, p < 0.02), however gender or age associations were not found.Thus, a higher level of education of the mother and a higher level of family income . Say "starfish." Now say "starfish" without "star." "fish" Cognitive Complexity Still Too Much for Some Young Children bently bown the beam. Recent studies highlight the important contribution of phonological working memory (PM) in the early stages of both native and foreign language development. The CTOPP-2 (Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing) includes 10 such sub-tests. The CTOPP-2 contains several composites: phonological awareness, phonological memory, rapid symbolic naming, rapid non-symbolic naming, and alternate phonological awareness. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. Children took part in a computer-based fast-mapping task which manipulated word length and phonotactic probability to address the hypotheses. Determine strengths and weaknesses in phonological processing . Phonological working memory is measured using the terms "digit span," "digit span-running," and "nonword repetition." Children are required to repeat lists with varying lengths ranging from 2 to 8 digits as part of the 'digit span' task. She has taught undergraduate and graduate psychology, health science, and health education. Fluency: Retrieval of phonological information from long-term memory. Phonemes are the basic sound units, such as the "r" in "rug" or the "m" in "mug," that give language meaning. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop . Va r i a b l e. Non-word span (N = 121) National average. The assessment features all new normative data and a new phonological awareness subtest: Phoneme Isolation. Phonological awareness tests are particularly strongly diagnostic of dyslexic difficulties but it is not uncommon to assess children who are able to blend and segment phonemes within words, but who exhibit short-term verbal memory limitations or naming speed problems or both. A 13year - 7 month old student with Full scale IQ of 127 (Verbal IQ =132; Performance IQ=108) has CTOPP(Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing) composite standard scores for Phonological Memory Standard Scores (91), Rapid Naming (82), Alternate 771 SpeechPathology.com Ask the Experts Benefits. A total of 152 children of both sexes participated, they are . Toddlers with phonological memory problems have trouble remembering the building blocks to make words. If you correctly recall all of the numbers, then the next sequence will be one number longer. In the present study, we compared the predictive power of both types of memory tasks on 2 measures of phonological awareness, the sound categorization task and a phoneme deletion task, in 7- and 8 .
According to Buchsbaum (2016), "the phonological loop model of verbal working memory has stood the test of time, largely because it explains many of the behavioral phenomena [e.g. The CTOPP-2 subtests were combined in such a way as to form composites to represent these three constructs; the sum of scaled scores obtain a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. The CTOPP was developed to aid in the identification of individuals from nursery through to college who may profit from instructional activities to enhance their phonological skills. Children completed the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, 2nd Edition (CTOPP-2: Wagner, Torgesen, Rashotte, & Pearson, 2013) which incorporates a number of subtests designed to assess different aspects of phonological ability. Determine strengths and weaknesses in phonological processing . Reference Wagner, R. K., & Torgesen, J. K. (1987). . non-word span (12-16 years) One of the most widely used tests of phonological short-term memory capacity is the non-word repetition test, where participants have to repeat non-words of . This ability to recall the speech sounds in one's language is also integral to phonological awareness. The Rapid Non-Symbolic Naming Composite Score measures the examinee's ability to include efficient retrieval of phonological information from long-term or permanent memory and execute a sequence of operations quickly and repeatedly using objects and colors. Phonological Memory. The researchers used the working memory scale, the phonological awareness scale and the dyslexia examination scale. Most disturbing seem to be the scores for the Rapid Automatized Naming and Rapid Alternate . This includes: recognising sounds, adding sounds, taking apart sounds and moving sounds around. The Alternate Phonological Awareness Composite Score, for examinees ages 7-24 years . The ability to hold on to speech-based information in short-term memory is called phonological memory. The descriptive statistics of the phonological short-term memory test and working memory test. Working memory as a construct will be abstract and difficult to comprehend at first, so playing some working memory games can make it seem a little more concrete. Wow, this is a fantastic article. Findings of the study revealed that there is a negative correlation between Rapid Object Naming Test and both Forward Spatial Span Test and Backward Digit Recall Test. Phonological processing. PA was assessed with three of the CTOPP-2 subtests; Elision, Blending, and Isolation. If you correctly recall all of the numbers, then the next sequence will be one number longer. High-anxiety subjects produced overt articulation more . Phonological Memory was evaluated in both groups using the Phonological Short-Term Memory (PSTM) test developed by Soriano and Miranda , based on the Hebrew phonological memory task (Geva et al., 2000). Identify individuals whose phonological abilities are significantly below their peers. The backward digit span test was only used in the second year, after the results with the phonological short-term memory test in the first year showed a weak relationship between L2 achievement and non-word repetition scores. The task had a recognition and a production component. Karen Downs November 21, 2014 at 2:22 pm. When you hear a beep, click on the numbers you just saw, in order. The PAT comprises four phonological awareness subtests (Rhyme Detection; Rhyme Production; Word CompletionSyllables and Phonemes; Beginning and End Phoneme Deletion), a Speech Rate test (timed repeating of the word "buttercup"), and a test of Letter . At each time of testing, measures of nonword repetition, memory span, and vocabulary knowledge were obtained. gently down the stream. The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, Second Edition (CTOPP-2) (Wagner et al., 2013) assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming as a measure of reading ability. Phonological short-term memory capacity is generally measured with a word span task or a digit span task. A relatively simple model of the phonological loop (A. D. Baddeley, 1986), a component of working memory, has proved capable of accommodating a great deal of experimental evidence from normal adult participants, children, and neuropsychological patients. It's the ability to hear and distinguish sounds. It is also called . (Co-authored with Steven Smith) Introduction Here are a few zero-preparation activities language teachers can use to enhance their students' phonological awareness, decoding skills and alertness to sounds and aural input. Texts were presented sentence by sentence (Experiment 1) or word by word (Experiment 2) at a fixed rate to subjects high or low in test anxiety, under various conditions: no interference, concurrent articulatory suppression, and concurrent irrelevant speech (presented auditorily). Abstract. . Two levels of the test are available for ages 4-6 and ages 7-24. memory effects] associated with verbal memory performance in a simple and intuitive way." Explanations Digit Span tests your ability to remember a sequence of numbers that appear on the screen, one at a time. Both phonological awareness and executive functions develop gradually and progress with the advance of schooling. The test consists of 10 core and two supplemental subtests. Assessing Phonological Memoryfor Early Identification Preschool age children can't do phonological awarenesstasks that require access to phonemes (e.g., say "bat" without /b/), but can do a version with larger units. Reading ability was also assessed at 5 years .
Williams syndrome (WS), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder of genetic origin, is characterised by a relative advantage of language over more serious deficits in other cognitive domains.
Baddeley and colleagues (e.g., Gathercole and Baddeley 1989, 1990 ) have construed that nonword repetition involves the activation of pure phonological processes such as encoding, storage, and retrieval, independently from lexical . The test involved the oral repetition of a list of 20 pseudowords of different length (words in Latin that did not coincide with Spanish or . you will identify evidence of difficulty with phonological processing (ie. The assessment features all new normative data and a new phonological awareness subtest: Phoneme Isolation. In Cognitive Psychology, long term memory is classified as information stored and retrieved for longer than a few minutes. There are numerous phonological sub-tests that can be administered. Before diving in to the study of Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model, it's important that you first comprehend what "working memory" is. Bow, bow, bow your boat. It is responsible for processing verbal information. People with deficits in one or more of these areas may have more difficulty reading than those who do not. Two levels of the test are available for ages 4-6 and ages 7-24. I have seen this many times - the phonological awareness skills are reported as "average", and the underlying deficit is then missed or unidentified. Phonological processes can be conceptualized as phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming. It achieves this by assessing 3 concepts highly related to phonological abilities - phonological awareness, phonological memory and rapid (symbolic) naming, with both versions of the test covering these domains. Once we decide to draw attention to sensory input, it goes into our Central Executive Memory. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between the two skill groups, taking age and schooling as covariant. It is the brain's way of making sense of the SOUNDS that we hear. There are two types of long term memory: implicit and explicit. The Central Executive Memory system delegates tasks. If you make a mistake, then the next sequence will be one number shorter. Robin has a PhD in health psychology. zab, philistationing) Measures phonological short-term memory for speech sounds Related to both speech/language impairments and dyslexia WJ IV COG (Extended) Test 12: NonwordRepetition However, research on the effects of PM training on language development is very limited. Persistently poor phonological memory skills do not appear to significantly constrain the acquisition of language, mathematics or number skills over the early school years. The CTOPP-2 is a comprehensive instrument designed to assess phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming. Phonological awareness helps children become prepared to learn how letters and sounds go together in words. This is the "manager" of the operations that working memory completes. The PhAB2 makes use of 10 subtests to explore a child's level of phonological awareness, testing the following areas: Alliteration: Ability to isolate the initial sounds in single syllable words. A formal assessment of language with a standardized test may also be accompanied by an informal assessment such as a language sample and questions to parents and teachers about an individual's pragmatic language skills. WM is necessary for such complex tasks as comprehension, learning, and reasoning [1, 2], and comprises the following three components: the phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad, and central executive system . Norm-referenced. I caution against using test scores alone to report on phonological processing skills without also examining phonological awareness application in literacy tasks. Recent studies highlight the important contribution of phonological working memory (PM) in the early stages of both native and foreign language development. This study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a PM training educational intervention as a means of fostering vocabulary development in beginner . Due to the fact that all the students in the second year of the study when this test was administered were beginners . This skill is assessed by asking students to remember strings of numbers or to repeat nonsense words of increasing length and complexity. Also, there is a The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing Second Edition (CTOPP-2) is an assessment that focuses on measuring the phonological processing abilities of students grades PreK-12. As a result, children are engaged in this task in the context of playing a copycat game with a robot. Phonological processing refers to the use of phonological information, especially the sound structure of one's oral language, in processing written language (i.e., reading, writing) and oral language (i.e., listening, speaking). from (9.05 0.49) years old. Rapid Automatic Naming/Phonological Memory. The Phonological Working Memory test (5-11 years) is designed as an explicit test of a child's short-term phonological memory. Phonological retrieval is the ability to recall the phonemes associated with specific graphemes, which can be assessed by rapid naming tasks (e.g., rapid naming of letters and numbers). The CTOPP was developed to facilitate the identification of individuals who might have more difficulties learning to read. If you make a mistake, then the next sequence will be one number shorter. Gathercole and Adams (1993) claimed that this procedure can be used with children as young as two-years old. CTOPP-2 is a measure of phonological awarenes, phonological memory, and naming. This article presents findings from the Children's Test of Nonword Repetition (CNRep). Comprehensive Test of Phonological ProcessingSecond Edition (CTOPP-2) Audio Files Memory for Digits 1. Although they are especially suited for younger learners, they can be used with older students too. The phonological loop is a cognitive mechanism proposed by cognitive psychologists Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974. Conclusions. Not to worry, it's . Considerations for assessing children's phonological awareness are discussed, and descriptions of available measures are provided. The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, Second Edition (CTOPP-2) (Wagner et al., 2013) assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming as a measure of reading ability. A measure of children's phonological memory and access, speech rate completes the battery. It seems that in normally developing children the quality of nonword repetition is influenced both by the length of . The test consists of 10 core and two supplemental subtests. The extent to which children's performance on tests of nonword repetition is constrained by phonological working memory and long-term lexical knowledge was investigated in a longitudinal study of 70 children tested at 4 and 5 years of age. Row, row, row your boat. In this study the relationship of phonological short-term memory to WS language, in particular vocabulary, was explored. The a Phonological Awareness Test in Arabic (AbdElgawaad, 2005) that phoneme isolation task (p < .001) was found to be the best predictor of Mean(SD) has been validated and tested for reliability, risk status for dyslexia with scores for phonological awareness tasks and Measure Range All At-Risk Not At-Risk and the Working Memory Test .